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Termites are eusocial insects which are categorized at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea. Termites were once classified in another order from cockroaches, but recent phylogenetic studies indicate that they evolved from near ancestors of cockroaches during the Jurassic or Triassic.
About 3,106 species are currently clarified, using a couple hundred more left to be clarified. Although these insects are often called"white ants", they're not ants. .
Like ants and some bees and wasps from the distinct order Hymenoptera, termites split labour among castes consisting of sterile male and female"employees" and"soldiers". All colonies have fertile men called"kings" and one or more fertile females called"queens". Termites chiefly feed on dead plant material and cellulose, generally in the kind of wood, leaf litter, soil, or animal dung.
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Termites are among the most prosperous groups of insects on Earth, colonising most landmasses except Antarctica. Their colonies range in size from a couple hundred individuals to enormous societies with many million individuals. Termite queens have the longest lifespan of any insect in the world, with some queens reportedly living around 30 to 50 years.
Colonies are called superorganisms since the termites form part of a self-regulating entity: the colony itself. .
Termites are a delicacy in the diet of some human cultures and are used in many traditional medicines. A couple hundred species are economically significant as insects that can cause considerable damage to buildings, crops, or plantation forests. Some species, such as the West Indian drywood termite (Cryptotermes brevis), are considered as invasive species. .
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The infraorder name Isoptera is derived from the Greek words iso (equal) and ptera (winged), which describes the nearly equal size of the fore and hind wings.2"Termite" derives from the Latin and Late Latin word termes ("woodworm, white ant"), altered from the influence of Latin terere ("to rub, wear, erode") from the earlier word tarmes.
The external appearance of this giant northern termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is suggestive of their close relationship between termites and cockroaches.
Termites were previously placed in the order Isoptera. As early as 1934 suggestions were made they were closely related to wood-eating cockroaches (genus Cryptocercus, the woodroach) dependent on the similarity of their symbiotic gut flagellates.6 In the 1960s additional evidence supporting that theory emerged when F. A. McKittrick noted comparable morphological characteristics between a number of termites and Cryptocercus nymphs.7 In 2008 DNA analysis from 16S rRNA sequences8 supported the position of termites being nested within the evolutionary tree containing the order Blattodea, which included that the cockroaches.910 The cockroach genus Cryptocercus shares the strongest phylogenetical similarity with termites and is considered to be a sister-group to termites.1112 Termites and Cryptocercus share similar morphological and societal features: for example, most cockroaches do not display social attributes, but Cryptocercus takes good care of its young and displays other social behaviour like trophallaxis and allogrooming.13 Termites are thought to be the descendants of the genus Cryptocercus.914 Some investigators have suggested a more conservative measure of retaining the termites since the Termitoidae, an epifamily within the cockroach sequence, which preserves the classification of termites at family level and below.15 Termites have long been approved to be closely associated with cockroaches and mantids, and they are categorized in precisely the same superorder (Dictyoptera).1617.
The oldest unambiguous termite fossils date to the early Cretaceous, but given the diversity of Cretaceous termites and ancient fossil records showing mutualism between microorganisms and these insects, they likely originated before in the Jurassic or Triassic.181920 Further evidence of sites a Jurassic origin would be the assumption that the extinct Fruitafossor consumed termites, judging from the morphological resemblance to modern termite-eating mammals.21 The oldest termite nest discovered is thought to be by the Upper Cretaceous in West Texas, in which the oldest known faecal pellets have been discovered.22 Claims that termites emerged previously have confronted controversy.
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Weesner indicated that the Mastotermitidae termites may go back to the Late Permian, 251 million years ago,23 and fossil wings which have a close resemblance to the wings of Mastotermes of their Mastotermitidae, the toughest living , have been discovered in the Permian layers in Kansas.24 it's even possible that the very first termites emerged during the Carboniferous.25 The folded wings of this fossil wood roach Pycnoblattina, arranged in a convex pattern between segments 1a and 2a, resemble those seen in Mastotermes, the only living insect with the same pattern.24 Krishna et al., though, consider that each one of the Paleozoic and Triassic insects tentatively categorized as termites are in fact unrelated to termites and needs to be excluded out of the Isoptera.26 The primitive giant northern termite (Mastotermes darwiniensis) exhibits numerous cockroach-like characteristics that are not shared with other termites, like check it out laying its eggs in rafts and having anal lobes on the wings.27 Cryptocercidae and Isoptera are united in the clade Xylophagidae.28 Termites are sometimes known as"white ants" but the only resemblance to the ants is due to their sociality which is due to convergent evolution2930 with termites being the first social insects to evolve a caste system more than 100 million years ago.31 Termite genomes are generally relatively large compared to that of other insects; the first fully sequenced termite genome, of Zootermopsis nevadensis, that was published in the journal Nature Communications, consists of roughly 500Mb,32 while two subsequently released genomes, Macrotermes natalensis and Cryptotermes navigate to these guys secundus, are considerably larger at around 1.3Gb.3330.